Tuesday, January 14, 2025

Rather than political party, persons, group, and nations may and can pursue necessary goodness

Phil’s Executive Summary

Scholars continually evaluate the political divide effected by parties: Republican, Democrat, and Independent, the first pursuing conservativism and the second pursuing liberalism. The first led by civic faction of the people, the second ruled by elite politicians, and the 3rd often urging less governance. Recently, parties are further divided, for example pitting, capitalism v socialism, classical liberalism v license, responsibility v rights, tradition v progressivism, necessary goodness versus ideology, Protestantism vs wokeism, and many more internal competitions.[1] 

I long since declined to promote, as a political party, A Civic People of the United States, a Louisiana Education Corporation. Yet I work to persuade fellow citizens to consider civic integrity, which I define: responsible pursuit of necessary goodness. Necessary goodness is subject to the laws of physics, and humankind’s opportunity is to research those laws and discover how to use them to benefit life on earth.

                The articles I studied [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] fail to disclose the collaboration for necessary goodness that humankind may and can pursue. Each person’s choices to act produce consequences that are constrained by the laws of physics and progeny. Progeny includes forces, chemistries, biology, psychology, and imagination. Individuals use imagination to construct reason, in other words rational mystery, in the absence of ineluctable evidence. Humankind’s opportunity is to do the research that is required to discover the ineluctable truth and how to pursue necessary goodness. Valid reporting and records prevent repetition of error. As discovery transpires, reason and mystery lose utility. For example, research proved that the sun is a natural nuclear reactor, obsoleting history’s sun gods.

                Every newborn baby has the opportunity to comprehend and intend human being (verb), even though education systems make it unlikely. Practicing human being places an individual above all other species. People past, present, and future collaborate to not repeat mistakes.

The ancients – people who lived before 4000 years ago – suggested that female and male Homo sapiens is the species that may and can pursue necessary goodness on earth. For example, the law codes developed in Sumer civilization, beginning about 5500 years ago, advocated public support to widows and orphans. Since then, some nations have improved law codes, and the United States Constitution that was ratified in 1791 accommodates the pursuit of statutory justice “to ourselves and our Posterity”. Statutory justice is pursued by eliminating discovered injustices in the written law.

                Today, at the leading edge of some 200,000 years’ Homo sapiens development, humankind is beginning to acknowledge if not accept the power, the authority, and the responsibility to purse statutory justice on earth rather than attempt to impose a higher power to usurp humankind’s role. The civic faction of We the People of the United States realize that a utopia is not possible. The laws of physics reliably constrain human choices. Referring to the United States Constitution, “ourselves and our Posterity” may and can aid people who cannot help themselves, constrain criminals, and eliminate evils.

Today’s world seems at an abyss and needing pivotal leadership by the United States. The key to success is educating youth as well as adults to pursue and practice necessary goodness as individuals, as interest groups, and as nation, each collaborating to practice human being – civic integrity. Every political party may and can accept the responsibility to collaborate to practice human being. Future voters may and can influence parties to demonstrate collaboration to achieve necessary goodness.

 

Phil’s Key Points

Scholars write in language developed over centuries of debate and cite recognized authorities of that language. For example, “common good” might reference Plato, John Locke, and many others. Scholarship leaves it to the reader to acquire understanding. I try to develop language that may be representative yet comprehensible without education in political philosophy. The key points and comments that follow are intended to transition to my writing from the scholarly review I undertook. It isn’t easy, and the reader needs patience to relate to historical documents. One option is to skip my evaluations and go straight to the documents I studied.

1.       The western world seems to favor responsibility to humankind rather than to progressive ideology. Humankind is comprised of individuals.

a.       Most human-beings pursue necessary goodness despite spiritual, religious, or ideological doctrine. Reliably responsible citizens can be both religious and civic (pursuing necessary goodness).

b.       People tend to politically self-order on key issues: good, bad, or evil behavior; the pursuit of civil order; wealth; race or ethnicity; gender.

2.       The individual who pursues the responsibility of home ownership ineluctably accepts civil risks -- local regulations, national security, and world peace, in addition to physical threats like weather.

a.       Neighborliness or civic integrity can be constrained or prevented by unfavorable local, state, or national governance or by alien-foreign assault. Hopes and comforts proposed by religious institutions offer benefit only when the believer is civically self-positive.

b.       The prudent individual either chooses a nation that pursues his or her preferences, or aids the nation they were born into, to develop statutory justice, meaning the gradual elimination of injustices in the law or civil regulations.

3.       Given one life (amidst the dead, the living, and the unborn) the conservative aids deliberative lessening of interconnected civil injustices, in order to limit unexpected bad-consequences. On the other hand, the liberal imagines and seeks immediate relief, often without confirming that injustice existed. For example, the religious person would impose his/her God’s view, neglecting humility to The God, which is: whatever constrains the consequences of human choice.

a.       Politics addresses the individual’s power to pursue necessary goodness. Each person may choose to grant their power to fellow citizens.

b.       In these political considerations, the individual is a person, with mind, body, and intentions, informed to humankind or not. Introduction of mystery, such as soul or divinity, lessens the person’s attention to politics.

4.       The modern writers I considered in this study help me conclude that conservatism is more reliable than progressivism to preserve individual opportunity to choose necessary goodness.

a.       The administrative state bemuses, distracts, and discourages responsible goodness.

                                                               i.      Wilson’s un-joined league of nations, Roosevelt’s New Deal, Johnson’s great society, Biden’s green new deal.

                                                             ii.      Bureaucratic inertia avoids and resists civic accountability.

                                                           iii.      The left turns colonial America’s Declaration of Independence from England and its claims to individual rights on its head to propose freedom from civic integrity.

1.       The people in their newly independent states authorized and specified the United States republic in the 1791 US Constitution, amending the 1787 draft as intended.

2.       The provision for amendment facilitates the pursuit of statutory justice.

b.       American freedom from Western impositions and others requires civic integrity.

                                                               i.      Rational religion yields to reason, which promotes actual-reality.

                                                             ii.      Redistribution of wealth prevents generation of shared well being.

                                                           iii.      Citizens have the right to pursue necessary goodness, risking life, property, and fortune.

                                                           iv.      Celebrate civic citizens, reform slackers, limit criminals, and eliminate villains.

                                                             v.      U.S. Constitutional civic integrity to increase as history unfolds.

1.       Necessary goodness discovers and reforms injustice.

2.       Progressives pursue big government, threatening statutory justice.

3.       May constrain entrepreneurial ventures using the laws of physics

a.       DNA evidence may prove crime

b.       Gender change is not to be civilly supported

c.       Military for defense rather than imperialism

d.       Drug and sex trafficking outlawed

e.       Female generates ova, male inseminates the ova, and female gestates and delivers a dependent infant. Together, the couple nourish the infant unto human being (verb) then aid the resulting adult unto wanted family expansion.

4.       Reform Education Departments to inform and inspire human being (verb).

a.       Many choose to aid US pursuit of statutory justice.

b.       Neither a God nor a government will usurp human duty.

c.       Use the laws of physics, as the impact human history, to guide personal vote. For example, we now explore “the heavens”.

d.       Great Books seem too subjective to aid young adulthood: teach the chosen principle and challenge the student to better it.

                                                                                                                                       i.      What’s great about Twain’s, Huckleberry Finn?

                                                                                                                                     ii.      Who’s speech seems civic in Plato’s, Symposium?

                                                                                                                                   iii.      What’s the point of Chekov’s, Rothschid’s Fiddle?

e.       Education Departments cannot admire modern chaos.

c.       Some writers are bemused by Christianity

                                                               i.      Yeshua, a political philosopher above all others, because he alone recognized the potential for humankind to develop civic integrity, was born in 4 BCE. For example, human being (verb) can pursue necessary goodness (Matt 5:48).

                                                             ii.      A small faction of Jews imposed Yeshua onto the Messiah, the prophesied king of the Jews, including mysteries competing with Elijah, Moses, and others.

                                                           iii.      A Torah defender, Paul, promoted Yeshua to the pagans (non-Jews), constructing inculcation of divine blood to be sacrificed for believers’ souls: past, present, and future.

                                                           iv.      Consequently, the object of Christianity is in the mind of the pursuant: G-d, God, Jesus, Christ, Jesus Christ, Church, the Eucharist, the Holy Spirit, The Trinity, or, rarely, Yeshua’s civic influence.

                                                             v.      By 400 CE, there were nearly 10 Christian canon and today there are 45,000 Christian sects among 31% of the world’s population.

                                                           vi.      Christianity is about personal and church doctrine rather than morality; it is institutional civility rather than human civicality; it is church faith and church morality rather than civic integrity.

                                                          vii.      To the civic citizen, none of these controversies justifies exclusion from US republicanism: believers can and may choose to practice civic integrity.

                                                        viii.      Civic presidents may and can be religious, e.g., Reagan and Carter, because they are first civic citizens.

                                                            ix.      Despite religious tradition in U.S. ceremonies, “Christianity” can prioritize neither republicanism nor voter regulations.

1.       The hope for Protestant Nationalism resists the pursuit of civic integrity.

2.        

5.       Pursuing statutory justice

a.       Recognize that human being (verb) involves both trust and commitment to purpose.

                                                               i.      The individual may and can discover their preferences for their unique life.

1.       In childhood, my parents and community mysteriously convinced me that if I mastered Holy Bible interpretation, I’d control my life.

2.       Beginning my 9th decade, all I want to do is use my mind, body, and person to pursue and practice necessary goodness.

a.       The message in Genesis 1:26-28 affirms the laws of physics as humankind’s guide to necessary goodness, and I doubt either “creator” or “God” is the correct term for its cause.

b.       Not knowing the ineluctable truth, I pursue Yeshua’s civic influence. See the Wikipedia article.

c.       I read about Yeshua in the Complete Jewish Bible and talk with willing citizens to improve my understanding.

                                                                                                                                       i.      I like to talk to people who trust-in the New International Version’s “the Lord Jesus”, which extends Genesis 1:26-28 to divine miracle working.

                                                                                                                                     ii.      I do not advocate “Christ”, which imposes Paul’s church onto Yeshua’s civic influence yet do not object to other opinion.

                                                                                                                                   iii.      I appreciate civic citizens who pursue either Jesus or Christ or Jesus-Christ, whether as The God or not.

                                                                                                                                   iv.      I would like to consider Yeshua with Messianic Jews, whether they regard the Messiah king of the Jews or blood sacrifice for all believers.

                                                                                                                                     v.      Indeed, I would like to talk with non-believers about Yeshua’s civic influence.

d.       I would like to talk with non-believers some label “atheist” about necessary goodness and perhaps about Yeshua’s civic influence.

3.       I seek conversation with people who care nothing for competitive philosophies reported in the Holy Bible, as long as we mutually advocate voluntarily necessary goodness. When someone responds with violence, I retreat to local topics -- LSU sports, weather, attire, and such.

4.       I think my being represents the ovum my mom produced and dad inseminated, my developing person, my pursuit of necessary goodness, and my achievements.

                                                             ii.      Likewise a nation may and can discover its preferences.

1.       The United States Constitution affirms Genesis 1:26-28’s political philosophy: female and male human being (verb) may and can rule to necessary goodness on earth.

2.       Morality is guided by the laws of physics and progeny.

a.       Religions may voluntarily accommodate physics.

b.       The laws of physics prevail over both reason and rational faith.

c.       The individual pursues trust-in and commitment-to necessary goodness.

3.       A nation cannot, ought-not, sponsor competitive mystery.

a.       The ultimate human license

                                                                                                                                       i.      Protestantism

1.       The Good yields to necessary goodness.

                                                                                                                                     ii.      Sexual license, gender change, or genetic preference

                                                                                                                                   iii.      Self-ruinous wealth

                                                                                                                                   iv.      Self-loathing; ensoulment

b.       Civic classifications beyond good, bad, and evil (reliably responsible, criminal, and tyrant)

c.       Opposition to the laws of physics and progeny

                                                                                                                                       i.      Resistance to capitalism.

                                                                                                                                     ii.      The welfare state or administrative state.

                                                           iii.      United States political parties cannot compromise the nation.

1.       They may collaborate to accelerate discovery-of and benefits-from the ineluctable truth “to ourselves and our Posterity”.

2.       They may catalogue lessons learned in the past so as not to repeat them.

3.       Democrats, Libertarians, Republicans and others may and can be first: civic citizens.

                                                           iv.      Humankind may and can pursue perfect justice, in other words, ultimate necessary goodness.

1.       It is essential to not expect to reach a utopia.

Phil’s Comments

1.       McGinnis on classical liberalism and new political right vs post WW2, 12/31/2024

a.       Events in 2024: Trump reelection, Le Pen party weakened, UK Reform Party beat tradition, and other conservative party revisions from Italy to Slovakia.

b.       Variations on national identity, historical grievances, and local traditions.

c.       Gaulist large and dominate state, cultural unity, and national independence: Rassemblement National tightened control, embraced Russia, anti-Muslim.

d.       US founded on individual liberty, free markets, and religious pluralism morphed to neither personal responsibility nor civic integrity, “decaying into license and disorder”.

                                                               i.      Trump brings opposition to “the administrative state”

                                                             ii.      Aiding past GOP reform of unaccountable bureaucracy, the New Deal, procedural change, and un-beneficial expenditures.

                                                           iii.      But bureaucracy dominates domestic agencies like EPA and HHS.

e.       2nd Trump adm. needs to curb agencies independence and use Schedule F to replace unwanted bureaucrats; civic accountability vs bureaucratic inertia

f.        GOP pushed tax cuts and limited government last 100 years, but now not restricting entitlements. It’s a gamble.

g.       “Political movements cannot stand still; they must adjust to new circumstances while remaining rooted in enduring principles.”

h.       Trump to answer in policy and politics

                                                               i.      Policy: radical deregulation pays for entitlements

                                                             ii.      Politics: Federalists and Whigs learned virtue cannot defeat political majority.

                                                           iii.      Break cultural elites’ monopoly by replacing the institutions like HHS.

                                                           iv.      Replace elite media through conservative owners

                                                             v.      Minimize overseas involvement

1.       WW2 demanded involvement.

2.       Founders discouraged “entanglements” and John Quincy said, “Wherever the standard of freedom and Independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will her heart, her benedictions and her prayers be. But she goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own.”  

3.       Cold War resisted threat.

4.       Modern bids for local dominance deserve sharp, decisive response but not nation-building

5.       Tariffs not new, but application to sustain entitlements is

i.         “For friends of liberty in America as opposed to France, this is a time for careful reflection rather than uncritical celebration or wholesale rejection.”

                                                               i.      Can “economic independence coexist with . . . free markets and limited government?”

                                                             ii.      Can “conservatism remain compatible with pluralism”?

2.       Claes G. Ryn, “Why Conservatism Failed”, 8/9/2023

a.       Russell Kirk’s 1953 book, The Conservative Mind, established influence

b.       William F. Buckley’s National Review (founded 1955) sought practice

                                                               i.      Libertarians, traditional Catholics, and other traditionalists consented

                                                             ii.      Ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian alliances opposed the Leviathan state

                                                           iii.      Limited Constitutional government by people in their counties and states

c.       Big government being advanced by progressives

                                                               i.      Threatened the rule of law

                                                             ii.      Fiscal discipline in government

                                                           iii.      Universities suppressed conservatism

d.       Reagan presidency seemed successful, but universities prevailed

                                                               i.      The fed expanded and decentralized through agencies, like EPA

                                                             ii.      US Constitution effectively abandoned

1.       President rather than Congress can go to war

2.       National security can constrain citizens’ speech

3.       “the military-industrial complex” is strong

4.       Big banks and big corporations prevail

5.       There’s a gender-change industrial complex

                                                           iii.      Constitutional republic gave way to plutocracy (wealth)

1.       Accumulation of debt to the majority

2.       Legalizing crime; legalizing drug use

3.       Goodness culturally canceled by wokeism

4.       Conservatives focused on elections rather than on civic people

a.       Tried to make The God responsible for goodness

b.       Kirk had “religion, the universities, literature, movies, music, the other arts, and the media” influencing morality

c.       Peter Viereck, influenced by Irving Babbitt, d. 1933, re “imagination plays a central role in forming the lives of individuals”, promoted traditionalism to preserve US Constitutional order. 

5.       Wrote to win presidential elections, neglecting the philistine culture

                                                           iv.      Victory in the 1980s masked New Left and Counter Culture of the 1960s & 70s

1.       Undermining classical and Christian beliefs

2.       Woke and cancel merely continuations

3.       Produced progressive radicalization of US politics

4.       Confused conservatives

a.       Suggest “great books” programs

b.       Portraying arch-elitist Plato as defender of “democracy”

c.       Imagination dominated by “faith” in doctrine

d.       Influenced by Leo Strauss: nothing moral to be learned from history and tradition

                                                                                                                                       i.      Un-intentionally accommodated leftist revolutionaries

e.       Edmund Burke extolled learning from history and opposed abstract French Revolution

f.        But we can consider the wisdom of humankind

g.       James Madison opposes the “ingenious theorist” working “in his closet”

                                                             v.      Will “deep-seated intellectual and other habits . . . stand in the way of urgently needed self-examination and soul-searching”?

3.       Scott Yenor, “In Defense of National Conservatism”, July 28, 2022; responding to 2 recent criticisms.

a.       Tyler Syck pits national conservatism vs reigning civil rights regime

                                                               i.      Seeks to defend LGBTQ et.al. against traditional family

                                                             ii.      Sexual license lessens freedom

                                                           iii.      Third-wave feminism, gender radicalism

                                                           iv.      Aggression against marriage and family

b.       Mark Tooley challenges national conservatism regarding religious faith

                                                               i.      Seeks “to maintain a common life rooted in Christian faith and a Christian moral vision”. [What do these terms mean? Praising the blood of Christ?]

                                                             ii.      Thinks separationism accomplishes it

c.       National conservatism issued a statement of principles

                                                               i.      Sovereignty being attacked by globalist powers imposing inhuman ideology

1.       Governments, global corporations, other oligarchies

2.       Reigning civil rights regime deems merit oppression of equity

                                                             ii.      Defend rule of law, free enterprise, family, and evidence

                                                           iii.      Limit if not prevent foreign ownership of domestic property

1.       Military privacy

2.       Upward pressure on pricing

3.       Protect farmland

                                                           iv.      Limit foreign participation in engineering

d.       Unresolved national conservatism needs

                                                               i.      Legislate to protect marriage and family

                                                             ii.      Classical liberal neutrality

1.       Public institutions necessarily legislate morality

2.       Morality pursues religion (No: physics and progeny)

                                                           iii.      Hold Christianity first but allow people to choose their religion.

1.       Take Protestant roots more seriously

2.       Legislate toward a Protestant vision of family life, public research, etc.

3.       Tocqueville praises obscenity laws, pro-family ethic for men and women, and female chastity.

4.       No state churches.

                                                           iv.      Oppose secular, atheist vision of the good life

                                                             v.      Replace our civil rights regime [promote civic integrity]

                                                           vi.      Promote “stable family and congregational life and childraising”

1.       Rollback gender equality and sexual libertinism

2.       Restrict immigration, requiring natives to work

4.       Mike Rappaport re Breitbart on Libertarians and Conservatives, February 17, 2012

a.       “Conservatives, especially right now, have a hell of a lot more in common with libertarianism than Barack Obama and what the progressive left stand for.”

b.       “libertarians — even those who are hostile to conservatives — must recognize that Obama and the progressives are the great threat now”.

c.       “Sadly, the Weekly Standard for many years was quite unfair to libertarians.”

d.       “There is, whether we like it or not, a social side to politics, and people — being both social and political animals — respond to both.” [Similarly, there is a goodness in people that appeals to both their politics and their religion or none.]

5.       Garrett Quinn, 2/11/2012, re Andrew Britbart speech at CPAC

a.       “called liberals the ‘the least tolerant people you will ever meet in your entire lives’."

6.       Daniel J. Mahoney, “Crutonian Conservatism Reconsidered”, Forum, LibertyLaw, January 1, 2025, online at https://lawliberty.org/forum/scrutonian-conservatism-reconsidered/, writing primarily about Roger Scruton, who died 5 years ago.

a.       Opposed each “the willful and indiscriminate rejection of the Western intellectual, moral, and civic inheritance, in the form of pathological self-loathing, [or] “cancel culture", scientism [natural rationalization], totalitarianism, and every ideological effort to deny the ensouled human person

b.       Upheld patriotism and humane national loyalty: the human person accountable to himself, to society, and to a moral law not of his making. [To self, fellow citizens, and the laws of physics with humility to its source.]

c.       1980 book, The Meaning of Conservatism

                                                               i.      Free will in property, contracts, moral commitments, family, economics, the law, and politics; [reliable responsibility to necessary goodness].

                                                             ii.      Hegel versions of increasing “right”: abstract, moral, ethic practiced among family, civil society, and the state in world history; thus, past, present and future. It’s a possible march to freedom. [Achievement]

                                                           iii.      Furthered Burkean individuality but with the “right” to be obedient to the rule of law. [No: the opportunity to aid pursuit of statutory justice.]

d.       2018 book, Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition

                                                               i.      Conservatism facilitates liberalism

                                                             ii.      [Classical liberalism must yield to necessary goodness.]

                                                           iii.      Rule of law [Pursuit of statutory justice], civic peace [integrity], religious tolerance [humility], and the prosperity and abundance made possible by the market economy [capitalism], are precious goods that have been encouraged and sustained by the modern liberal order.

                                                           iv.      [Accept that there is no utopia – only statistical variation in commitment to necessary goodness or civic integrity.]

                                                             v.      “Progress” is [constrained by humility-to or correction-by ineluctable evidence].

                                                           vi.      [The Good yields to necessary goodness.]

                                                          vii.      [These principles existed and were known before Genesis 1:26-28 was offered.]

                                                        viii.      Aristotle [trust and commitment] to: moderation, constitutionalism and 4 virtues -- courage, prudence, justice, and temperance. [integrity, justice, safety, strength, prosperity, and responsibility].

                                                            ix.      [Female and male humankind pursuing statutory justice to necessary goodness rather than] a social contract by a community and [civic integrity] rather than civilized order. [Civil refers to humanly constructed rules, which may and can defy the laws of physics.]

1.       Choosing to purchase property requires selection of civil-ordered land – to attach to a home a nation on earth.

2.       The secular order of property obligations [may and can accommodate] Christian neighbor-love.

3.       [Loyalty to nation accommodates local association that lessens necessary goodness.]

4.       Scruton more like Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel than Burke.

a.       Liberal conservatism neither revolutionary nor ideological

b.       Burke foresaw France’s Terror (1790) and saw in American reformation conservation or no “Year Zero”. [The US Constitution accommodates Genesis 1:26-28.]

c.       Burke saw trust, commitment, and [remembrance “to ourselves and our Posterity”.] He was proud of England.

d.       Burke tried to maintain . . . the moral inheritance that is Western and Christian civilization. [Better to consider the ancient civilizations, in order to avoid mistakes already known.]

                                                             x.      Favors religion versus progressive materialism and joins with liberals against socialism.

1.       Conservatism against its despisers – Western political correctness and Islamic terrorism.

2.       Implies that [civic integrity] is necessary for repentance and forgiveness.

e.       2005 chapter “How I Became a Conservative” from memoir Gentle Regrets

                                                               i.      Need a place for ova and for soul.

                                                             ii.      Constrain progress that leaves ova and soul behind.

                                                           iii.      Humane national loyalty above arrogant nationalism.

                                                           iv.      A friend of May 1968 France, the Czech people under totalitarianism, and the United States.

                                                             v.      The United States “social contract” is to amend the Constitution unto statutory justice “to ourselves and our Posterity”. Lincoln’s first inaugural speech, “Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate justice of the people?]

                                                           vi.      . . . rights within their legitimate sphere . . . in free and lawful political communities [but not in arrogance]

                                                          vii.      Left facilitates “atheistic apprenticeship”

1.       Desperate repudiation, degrading pornography . . . assault God

2.       political philosophy, theology, and philosophical anthropology

                                                        viii.      Returned to rational faith --- mysterious meeting points between the sacred and the profane to encounter the True, the Good, and Beautiful.

                                                            ix.      . . . our dignity as morally accountable persons.

f.        2017 book, Where We Are: The State of Britain Now

                                                               i.      Habitual neighborliness

                                                             ii.      Without religious belief despite Christian feeling like Orwell’ 1940 essay “The Lion and the Unicorn”

                                                           iii.      Nevertheless humankind longs for the transcendent, the sacred, and the eternal


Copyright©2025 by Phillip R. Beaver. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted for the publication of all or portions of this paper as long as this complete copyright notice is included.